Consequently, when writing works for public consumption, composers gained a certain degree of expressive freedom.Īs Richard Taruskin points out, the symphonies of C. The first massive change (1730–1765) reduced the complexity of textures while the second transformation (1765–1795) served several purposes: the growth of amateur musicians among the middle and upper classes needed less complex music to perform the growth of public concerts demanded “easily comprehended” and “dramatically conceived” music there was a growing taste for the simple and natural instead of complex and a new focus inward to personal expression of feelings and emotions (Rosen, 13). Musicologist Charles Rosen identifies two radical periods of stylistic change in which a simplification process unfolded during the mid- and late-18 th century. The sonata forms of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven were composed during a period of social-political change (e.g., the downfall of monarchies and the birth of democracy) and stylistic changes in music.
Although Marx was the first to coin the concept of sonata form, other musicians and theorists alive during the lifetimes of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven-such as Francesco Galeazzi (1758–1819) and Anton Reicha (1770–1836)-describe the form in their own way. Marx focused primarily on Beethoven’s sonatas and concludes that sonata form basically consists of three distinct parts-what we refer to now as exposition, development, and recapitulation. No composer or theorist used the exact (translated) words, “sonata form,” until the German critic Adolf Bernhard Marx (1795–1866) introduced the concept during the mid 19 th century in his Die Lehre von der musikalischen Komposition, praktisch-theoretisch (1845). This type of structure was common during the late 18 th century, but we only know it as “sonata form” from the writings of the music theorists of the following century. Typically, the tempo of these opening movements is fast, which is why it is sometimes referred to as sonata-allegro form. Most first movementsof the symphonies and concertos, as well as the chamber and solo instrumental works, by these composers are organized into sonata form. If you have performed a piece of music by either Haydn, Mozart, or Beethoven, then you have probably encountered a work in sonata form.
I will also dive into our musical analysis of Haydn's renowned composition. In this article, I will talk about the origins, functions and structure of music in Sonata form.
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